This introductory module will focus on three methodological domains and on their applications to environmental issues: first, epidemiological methods developed specifically for the investigation of health problems resulting from air pollution or water contaminants, or challenges posed by emerging pollutants will be presented.
Second, the various developments available in the field of human exposure assessment will be presented and their respective strengths and limitations will be discussed. Finally, experimental models and state of knowledge in the field of carcinogenesis, neurotoxicity, respiratory and reproductive toxicology in relation with environmental exposures will be presented

Workload and ECTS

Class workload	Total workload	ECTS
30	90	3

The risk assessment module encompasses the following topics:

• Environmental fate, sampling and measuring of pollutants: Chemical properties of pollutants and environment that influence transfer, accumulation and degradation; Sampling and measurement techniques and performance
• Hazard identification and dose-response relationship evaluation: Human and animal data for evaluating toxicity; Animal to human and low doses extrapolation; Toxicity reference values construction and choice
• Exposure assessment: Measuring and modeling, direct and indirect approaches; Indoor environment and Consumer exposure; Mu:timedia modeling
• Risk assessment: Risk indicators; Variability and uncertainty propagation with Monte Carlo techniques.

After theoretical overview of current knowledge and practice, a large part of time will be dedicated to work on PC for information searching, exposure modeling and risk calculations.

Main teachers

• Philippe Glorennec (France)

Workload and ECTS

Class workload	Total workload	ECTS
30	90	3

This module aims at identifying the biotic and abiotic factors as well as understanding the mechanisms responsible for the emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases at the global scale. This includes climate changes, deforestation, urbanisation, agriculture development and globalisation of human exchanges. The infectious diseases the most affected by these changes are naturally the ones that are the most linked to the environment, either directly such as cholera or indirectly such as vector-borne diseases (e.g. malaria, dengue where the dynamics of the vector species is strongly dependent on the environment).

A particular attention will be given to infectious diseases of domestic, agricultural and wild animal species since a number of new human infectious diseases appear to originate from these animal hosts (e.g. SARS, avian flu, HIV/AIDS). The course will discuss the major emerging infectious diseases of the last three decades, emphasizing the transfer of expertise between basic science and policy makers (e.g. WHO, various NGO, and governments) in fighting these diseases the most efficiently.

Workload and ECTS

Class workload	Total workload	ECTS
30	90	3

• Assainissement et gestion des eaux non alimentaires : effets des rejets dans les eaux de surface, réglementation, techniques d’assainissement, analyse de risques
• Gestion des déchets solides : typologie et flux, systèmes de collecte, tri, recyclage, élimination et valorisation, réhabilitation
• Gestion de la qualité des eaux alimentaires : paramètres et objectifs de qualité des eaux, techniques de traitement des eaux, contrôle de la qualité, …
• Gestion des contaminations des milieux et des produits : risques sanitaires liés aux produits alimentaires, analyse de risques, techniques de réduction des risques, gestion des toxi-infections alimentaires collectives, …
• Gestion des risques liés à l’habitat : insalubrité des logements, qualité de l’air intérieur  (agents, mesures, maîtrise, produits de construction), aspects sociaux de l’habitat
  

Main teachers

Workload and ECTS

Class workload	Total workload	ECTS
90	270	9

The course covers interdisciplinary scientific issues such as environmental systems, ecology, epidemiology, population dynamics, biomathematics and biostatistics, biodiversity changes, ecosystem modifications, climate change, agriculture development and intensive farming, transcontinental air transport and international trade, established and emerging diseases. The instructors are renowned specialists in medical sciences, ecology/evolutionary biology and biomathematics affiliated to the most famous universities and research institutes in the world.

The course discusses the many different examples of disease emergence/outbreaks and their spatial spread, that are interconnected to Earth systems disruption/alteration and globalization events. It particularly focuses on the dynamics of Earth physical/biological systems and the impacts of increasing human population/consumption on these systems.

The syllabus is organized around major questions including

• the exploration of the linkages between diseases and globalization due to environmental hazards and modernization (e.g. transcontinental air transport of goods and people),
• the examination of the consequences of these connections on human health, and
• the evaluation of the risks associated with not considering the complexity of these webs of interactions. Strong emphasis will be made on the applications to public health policies and recent decisions made by international WHO, UNEP, UNESCO, ICSU programmes in environmental health sciences research initiatives and health perspectives will be discussed.
  

This specialization module, covering both methodological and applied issues in risk assessment, aims to train the type of qualified professionals who are urgently needed in Europe and beyond, in particular in the framework of the implementation of the REACh system for hazard and risk assessment of chemical substances. This curriculum will also represent meeting opportunities for French and international researchers in this field which experiences a steady development, a promise for collaborative scientific production in support to public policies targeted at controlling risks related to the general and occupational environments. This programme is, by nature, inter-disciplinary, at the interface between toxicology, biomathematical modeling, epidemiology and engineering sciences.

Students will be exposed to state-of-the-art presentations from leading scientists in their field, dealing with hazard dose-response modeling, cumulative exposures, alternative methods currently under development for hazard and risk derivation, and with extrapolation issues regarding short to long term exposures, hazard and risks from mature to less mature (infant and children) organisms, or from animals to humans. Illustrations will encompass chemical substances and physical stressors, along with microbial agents.

The toxicity of chemicals or of other environmental stressors is highly dependent on exposure conditions and on the particular vulnerability of the individual or group of persons. The module will address these issues with some emphasis on vulnerability during development and growth and on occupational exposures. The module is essentially multidisciplinary with epidemiological, toxicological and social sciences perspectives.

The following items will be discussed: importance of windows of exposure to carcinogens or reprotoxic agents during pregnancy, in early life and at the workplace; vulnerability of children to physical agents; transgenerational epigenetic effects both in experimental animals and in humans; examples of gene-environment interaction and mechanistic basis of vulnerability, notably during development.

The aim of this 5-day module is to fulfill the following objectives:

• To provide knowledge of measures of health and burden of diseases in populations focusing on infectious diseases and nutrition;
• To improve understanding of how health care expenditures may contribute to economic growth;
• To read critically and assess journal articles on costs and benefits of health care expenditures;
• To introduce concepts of  assessment of alternative policies for improving the efficiency of resource allocation in the health sector;
• To understand the limitations of economic evaluation in the health sector; 
• To learn about critical barriers to coordinated action in global health, e.g. intellectual property rights; trade-offs between bilateral and multilateral aid for development;  incentives for research & development of drugs and medical commodities that meet the needs of the world’s population; and safety issues related to migration and epidemics;
• To describe the different actors operating in global health and understand their strengths and weaknesses;
• To provide a broad understanding of complex emergencies and describe responses in such contexts;
• To approach ethical issues related to global health, e.g. guidance to conduct research, human right aspect, gender disparity.
  Group work, including simple practical exercises and discussion of key publications from the literature will be organized.
  

Workload and ECTS

Class workload	Total workload	ECTS
30	90	3

Workload and ECTS

Class workload	Total workload	ECTS
60	180	6

This Epidemiology section will comprise a common body of studies followed by Minors and/or Majors. At the end of the M2, students will have a substantial understanding of epidemiological methods as well as a substantive specialty at the master's level.
Common body of studies will establish epidemiology as one of the pillars of public health and will give the student the elementary skills to understand the basics of epidemiology, function at an entry level and go forward to further epidemiologic studies. Specifically, the student will understand that the discipline covers a full range of disease occurrence and views causation from one end to the end, i.e. from molecular factors to social and cultural determinants of disease.
In specific terms, the course objectives will be for the student to be able to discuss:

• the role of epidemiology in the broader field of public health
• the principles of disease prevention within a population
• the terminology used in epidemiology and their precise definition and understanding
• the computation and interpretation of basic population measures of health and disease occurrence
• distinguish between basic measures of association, including odds ratio, risk ratio, rate ratio, incidence density ratio, attributable risk and population attributable risk
  

This minor will provide a more detailed overview of design, method, substantive and analytical issues pertaining to infectious disease epidemiology. It will cover:

• the epidemiology and control of tuberculosis; from a hereditary hypothesis to an infectious one; the evolution over time; the reality of transmission and prevention; control and rate computation; drug resistance and transmission; implications for control;
• the epidemiology of cholera; John Snow and lessons learned; the recent epidemics; waterborne diseases: how do we assess the risk?
• the epidemiology of HIV and AIDS; rates of transmission assessments; individual versus population risk; social networks (assortative, dissassortative); infection versus disease; international reality versus western; the debate about the virus; epidemiology of STI; the sexual networks
• the epidemiology of influenza: what is it; epidemic and variation; the vaccine: production, guess, assessment and risk; the national policies; trends and computations of trends: pros and cons; flu, avian flu, cold: what is it? transportation and flu: social networks.
  

This minor will provide a more detailed overview of design, method, substantive and analytical issues pertaining to infectious disease epidemiology.� It will cover:

• Infectious causes versus chronic slow causes
• Implications for causal thinking and analysis
• Issues of time
• The epidemiology of risk factors
  

Specific issues::

• Epidemiology of cancer: breast cancer risk among women; computation of risk; population versus individual risk; cancers in the western world; cancers and diet; trends in cancer; risk factors for cancer;
• Epidemiology of CVD; trends; CVD in the world; CVD and diet; risk factors
  

The majors are intended to be specialties in epidemiologic fields at the master?s level.? The majors include 3 modules: the first 2 are methodological in nature, advanced in content and reasoning, and meant to delve into methodological advances in the field of epidemiology.
Major A will be conceptual and methodological::
1- Causal inference in Epidemiology
2- Practical framework: developing hypothesis
3- Designs: experimental and Cohort
4- Design: Case control, nested case-control and case-cohort studies
5- Design: Ecological, cross-sectional
6- Operationalization of hypotheses
7- When to act? When is enough enough?

Major B will be analytical and will bridge biostatistics and epidemiology. In other words, it will provide the epidemiological explanation and rationale as well as the tools behind certain analytical decisions.
1- Analytical approaches: Equal observation periods
2- Analytical approaches: Unequal observation periods
3- Sampling and Power
4- Measurement error in Epidemiology and its impact
5- Matched designs and analysis
6- Life table and survival analysis
7- Proportional hazards in epidemiology
8- Age cohort period effect and Poisson regression

Major C will be substantive and will cover an area of interest of the student. S/he will choose between the fields above (Cardiovascular disease, Cancer, Psychiatric…).  Not all fields will be offered every year.  As an example, a highly specialized course on cardiovascular disease (CVD) epidemiology will be offered the first year and will cover:
1- Global challenge and recent trends
2- The epidemiologic transition of CVD
3- Stroke and cardiovascular disease
4- Pathophysiology of CVD
5- Atherosclerosis and subclinical CVD
6- Lipids, lipoproteins, diet
7- Genetics of CVD
8- Lifecourse and social factors
9- Interpretation of diagnostic data in epidemiology: the case of ECG
10- Infections, inflammation and CVD
11- AIDS and CVD
Group works and practical real-life exercises will be integrated in the teaching at various levels.

This module provides an overview of methodological approaches and their applications, bearing in mind their present day and future impact on public health. Three topics, namely biostatistics, mathematical and computational modelling and information sciences, are covered, with special emphasis on applications to public health. For each topic, the course goes over historical developments, the state of the art and potential future directions. Furthermore, a conference deals with the present situation in Europe for each topic.

Individual-based stochastic models are one of the modelling approaches with a growing use in public health during these last years. They represent an appropriate and powerful tool for the simulation of dynamics involving individual characteristics and behaviours of populations.
This course will present in more details individual-based models and related simulations schemes introduced in the minor "Mathematical and computational modelling", as well as methodological points and interpretation of results that these kinds of models raise. The course will also address different approaches for approximations of stochastic dynamics. A particular attention will be paid to numerical optimisation methods used for parameter estimation.

Integrative methods, widely used over the past years, are techniques that allow taking into account simultaneously the complexity of mechanisms involved and the increasing amount of data available in most of biomedical and health related problems.

This course presents integrative approaches to the analysis of dissemination of infectious diseases. It deals with phylodynamics, intra-host models (interactions between the immune system and the infectious agent), inter hosts models (epidemics) and the integration of all these aspects through specific examples.

The main purpose of this course is to illustrate the interplay of the various fields (biostatistics, theoretical modelling and information sciences) in the analysis of a specific public health problem.
This synthesis is performed through a series of lectures and practicals by one of the leading authorities in the domain.

Theoretical mathematical and computational modelling is one of the most important analysis and prediction tools in public health and in epidemiology. The course will start by summarizing the aims of the modelling approach and the main classes of theoretical models used in public health. The link with the data will be addressed, especially through parameter estimation. Numerical simulation and theoretical analysis techniques will also be presented in the light of their contribution to biomedical interpretation of modelling results. This course allows students to get used to different methods proper to this field and, through appropriate examples involving modelling techniques and critical reading of scientific papers, to their practical use.

Data may present several levels of variability (individual, geographic ?). To analyse this type of data and extract the maximum of information, it is necessary to take into account different sources of variability in the model. Hierarchical models (generalizing mixed models) are able to take into account the hierarchical structure of data when estimating parameters. This course will present the different steps needed to model hierarchical data; a particular attention will be paid to the choice of prior distribution and the procedure maximizing parameters estimation. This course will allow students to get used to hierarchical models through appropriate examples from public health.

The aim of this pre-requisite module which will be taken on a Distance learning basis, is to twofold:

1) make sure students know the basic concepts and approaches in the key environmental and occupational sciences (environmental chemistry, toxicology, microbiology and risk assessment) and
2) can analyze and understand the interdisciplinary context of public health crises or concerns of environmental or occupational origin.

Workload and ECTS

Class workload	Total workload	ECTS
3	90	3